Pofika zaka 700 Sweden isanapereke ndalama yoyamba yaku Europe mu 1661, China idayamba kuphunzira momwe angachepetsere nkhawa za anthu onyamula ndalama zamkuwa. Ndalamazi zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wovuta: ndizolemera ndipo zimapangitsa kuyenda kukhala kowopsa. Pambuyo pake, amalonda adaganiza zopatsirana ndalamazo ndikupatsana ziphaso zamapepala kutengera phindu la ndalamazo.
Kutulutsa kwayokha kudadzetsa kuchuluka kwa kukwera kwamitengo ndi kutsika kwa ndalama: boma lidatsatiranso zomwezo ndikupereka ndalama zake m'mabokosi agolidi, ndikupangitsa kuti likhale lamulo loyamba padziko lonse lapansi.
M'zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, mayiko adayamba kutengera "mulingo wagolide", pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga golidi ndi siliva kuti apange timbewu ta kulemera kwake. Ndipo imayimira mtengo wina mpaka ndalamazo zisokonezedwe, zomwe zimabweretsa kukwera kwa ndalama zoyimira.
Mabanki amatulutsa "maunyolo agolide", ndiye kuti, ndalama zamabanki zokhala ndi mtengo wa US $ 50 zitha kusinthanitsidwa ndi US $ 50 yagolide.
Mu 1944, dongosolo la Bretton Woods lidaganiza kuti mayiko 44 omwe akupezeka pamsonkhanowo azisunga ndalama zawo ku dollar yaku US chifukwa dola yaku US imathandizidwa ndi nkhokwe zagolide. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dola yaku US imatha kusandulika kukhala golide nthawi iliyonse.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti dola yaku US imatha kusandulika kukhala golide nthawi iliyonse.
Zotsatira zake ndi zabwino, koma nthawi siyitali. Kukula kwa ngongole yaboma, kukwera kwamitengo ya ndalama, komanso kuchepa kwa ndalama zomwe zikulipidwa zikutanthauza kuti dola yaku US ili pamavuto akulu. Poyankha, maiko ena aku Europe adachokanso pamalowo ndikusinthana ndi US dollars ndi golide. Panthawiyo, malo awo okhala anali ndi ndalama zambiri kuposa golide.
Mu 1971, Purezidenti wakale wa US Richard Nixon adatseka zenera lagolide ndikusintha izi. Maboma akunja amakhala ndi madola ochulukirapo, ndipo United States imakonda kusowa golide. Pamodzi ndi alangizi ena 15, adalengeza njira yatsopano yachuma yopewera kukwera kwamitengo, kuchepetsa kusowa kwa ntchito, ndikusintha madola aku US kukhala ndalama zovomerezeka, zomwe zimadalira chilolezo cha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama osati zinthu ndi miyezo.
Chifukwa chake, chiyembekezo ndikuti maphwando onse avomereze ndalama zanu, zomwe zachokera pachikhulupiriro.
N'chimodzimodzinso ndi Bitcoin, ndalama iyi ya crypto idagunda $ 19,783.06. Nchiyani chimapereka mtengo wa Bitcoin? Kudzinenera kuti kumatheka chifukwa chopezeka ndikufunidwa sikuwoneka ngati kukukhudza zochitika zonse. Ilibe maziko ndipo siyilamuliridwa ndi aliyense.
Osachepera, mutha kudalira bungwe loyang'anira zamalamulo kuti likhalebe ndi ndalama.
Bitcoin ili ndi mawonekedwe a ndalama zalamulo. Komabe, kuchokera pakuwona kwamalamulo, palibe amene "ali ndi" Bitcoin. Zikuwoneka ngati zikugwira ntchito mofanana ndi fiat ndalama, koma chilengedwe chosiyana kwambiri chimapangitsa akatswiri azachuma ndi akatswiri azachuma kuganiza: ndani amakhazikitsa mtengo wake?

Zomwe mukuwona ndi 5 mwa mamiliyoni amizere azikhodi ku Bitcoin. Bitcoin poyamba inali mizere masauzande ochepa chabe, yopangidwa ndi Satoshi Nakamoto mu 2008 ndipo idatulutsidwa koyambirira kwa 2009. Mu pepala loyera lotchuka "Bitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" (bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Dongosolo Lamagetsi Lamagetsi), malingaliro a Bitcoin afotokozedwa.
Lingaliro lake loyambirira linali kupanga ndalama zomwe siziyenera kudutsa m'mabungwe azachuma chifukwa ndizobisika.
Chidziwitso chachikulu kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa blockchain. Chigawo chilichonse chimayimira kugulitsa pamaneti a Bitcoin - pamakhala mipata yambiri, ntchitoyo imatenga nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, idapanga "unyolo", chifukwa chake dzina lake.
Pofuna kupanga chipika, oyendetsa minda amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito makina oyendetsa makompyuta ndi magetsi ochulukirapo kuti atsimikizire kupezeka kwa X mtengo ndi nthawi yayitali pakati pa A ndi B. Zikatsimikiziridwa, chipikacho chimawonekera ndipo ntchitoyo imadutsa . Ogwira ntchitoyo adalandira Bitcoin ngati mphotho.
Komabe, ndalama za digitozi zilibe phindu lililonse - sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chinthu china. Anthu omwe amakayikira Bitcoin nthawi zambiri amati kuti Bitcoin ipulumuke, iyenera kuvomerezedwa koyamba ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina. Pang'onopang'ono, popita nthawi, idzakhala ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa golide amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazodzikongoletsera ndi zamagetsi, anthu amakundikira golide kuti asawoneke.
Pogwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya katswiri wazachuma ku Austria a Carl Menger, adayamba kufotokoza ndalama ngati "chinthu china chomwe chimasandulika." Malinga ndi a Menger, a Ludwig von Mises, yemwenso ndi azachuma, amaganiza kuti ndalama zogulitsidwazo ndi "zomwe zimagulitsidwanso." Ndalama zamalamulo ndi ndalama zopangidwa ndi "zinthu zomwe zili ndi ziyeneretso zapadera zalamulo".
"… Ndalama mwadzina poyerekeza ndi ndalama, kuphatikiza zinthu zomwe zili ndi ziyeneretso zapadera zalamulo…" -Ludwig von Mises Theory of Money and Credit
Lingaliro lakuzika limakhazikika kwambiri mwa anthu, ndipo ngakhale Aristotle adalemba kale chifukwa chake ndalama zimafunikira mtengo wamkati. Mwakutero, ngakhale zitakhala ndalama zotani, mtengo wake uyenera kuchokera pakuthandiza kwake. Monga mbiri imatsimikizira kuti palibe chomwe chimafunikira mtengo wazinthu kuti chikhale ndalama, zomwe Aristotle akunena sizowoneka.
M'madera ena a Africa ndi North America, mikanda yamagalasi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndalama, ngakhale zatsimikizira kuti sizothandiza kwenikweni. Anthu a Yap ku Pacific amagwiritsa ntchito miyala ya miyala ngati ndalama.
Anthu omwe amakayikira Bitcoin nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zamtengo wapatali kuti azitsutsa kuthekera kwa Bitcoin. Tsoka ilo, Bitcoin ndiyomwe imakhalapo ndi digito, chifukwa chake imamasulidwa kumunyolo weniweni. Sichiyenera kukhala ndi mtengo wofanana ndi golide, komanso sayenera kupatsidwa ufulu wapadera ndi ena kuti apange chikondwererochi. Ngakhale izi zitha kuwoneka ngati malongosoledwe-Bitcoin ndichinthu chatsopano chomwe sichimvera malamulo athu aanthu-komabe sichikhala ndi tanthauzo lathunthu.
Taganizirani izi motere: Bitcoin ndi fiat currencies ndizosiyana zachuma.
Ndalama za Fiat ndi zadziko lapansi, zomwe zimabweretsa zoletsa zina zandalama. Mphamvu ndi za iwo omwe amayang'anira ndalamazo, ndipo banki yayikulu nthawi zonse imatha kusindikiza ndalama zambiri kuti zithandizire kutsika kwazinthu komanso kufalikira. Komabe, palibe amene angakuuzeni ndendende kuchuluka kwa madola enieni omwe akuyenda padziko lapansi.
Kupereka kwa golide kuli ndi malire, koma kumakhudzidwa ndi kukwera kwamitengo. Ngati wina apeza golide wambiri kunja kwa komwe akupezako, umwini ukhoza kuchepetsedwa. Zatsopano mu sayansi zimathandizanso kuchepetsa kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito golide pazinthu zamagetsi ndi zogula.
Mtundu wa digito wa Bitcoin umafunikira maziko atsopano ongolankhula. Akatswiri azachuma akhala akudziwa zolephera zazitsulo zamtengo wapatali komanso ndalama za fiat. Chifukwa chake, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Bitcoin kunabereka malamulo atsopano, omwe anthu ambiri amawatcha "zachilengedwe zakumtunda".
Vuto ndilakuti, monga akuwonjezera a Bitcoin adakuwuzani, ndalama zalamulo ndi zachilengedwe za cryptocurrency sizingakhale pamodzi. Popeza palibe phindu lililonse monga chida chachuma, malonda kapena zotetezedwa, kubetcha kwakukulu ndikupanga Bitcoin ndalama yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Masiku ano, ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi (M1) ndi madola 7.6 trilioni aku US. Mukawonjezera cheke, ma bond osakhalitsa, nthawi ndi zida zina zachuma, zidzafika $ 90 trilioni. Kuti akhale ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi, Bitcoin ikuyenera kukhala ndi mtengo wopeza ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi - koma sizili choncho, chifukwa mtengo wamsika wa Bitcoin umangokhala $ 130 biliyoni panthawi yolemba.
Komabe, ngongole yomwe ikukula mwachangu komanso ngongole zakunja zitha kupangitsa kuti omwe akuyambitsa ndalama ayambe kufunafuna chida chobwezeretsanso chosavuta kuchipeza chomwe chingasinthe kuposa golide. Izi zitha kulimbikitsa kuwerengera kwa Bitcoin chifukwa kuli ndi malo ogulitsira. Pofuna kuthana ndi kukwera kwamitengo, anthu ambiri amakhala ndi ndalama, mayuro kapena yen m'mabuku awo - aku Argentina ndi aku Venezuela amachita izi, amakhala ndi ndalama zokhazikika.
Izi zitha kubweretsa phindu lake: Bitcoin itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo osungira.
Timawona kuti ndiwothandiza. Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti Bitcoin ndi ndalama yotsutsana ndi kutsika kwamphamvu. Pofuna kulimbikitsa kukula kwa netiweki, nthawi iliyonse pomwe block yatsopano imapangidwa mu blockchain, ma bitcoins atsopano 50 amapangidwa. Pambuyo pa mabwalo onse 210,000, mphothoyo idzachepetsedwa (tsopano imalandira mphotho 12.5 pa sikweya, ndipo idzachepetsedwa mpaka 6.25 pa Meyi 14, 2020). Kuphatikiza ndi kusowa kwachilengedwe komanso kapu yobweretsera ma Bitcoins mamiliyoni 21, nzosadabwitsa kuti anthu ndi mabungwe azachuma amatha kutenga Bitcoin ngati ndalama zolimba (zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti ndalama zotetezedwa).
Izi zikutanthauza kuti mfundo zamkati zamakampani zikuyendetsa mphamvu zogula za Bitcoin - koma nchiyani chimatsimikizira mtengo wake?
Ngati mungayang'ane sukulu yakedzedwe yazachuma, mupeza kuti mtengo wa Bitcoin umatsimikiziridwa ndi mtengo wake wopangira. Izi zikutanthauza zida zamagetsi ndi magetsi. Pamene Bitcoin ikupitilizabe kuvutika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama, kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m'migodi kumachepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chokwera mtengo kwamigodi. Komabe, pali ena ogwira ntchito m'migodi omwe akufuna kugulitsa zotayika, zomwe zitha kuwonetsa kuti wina akutchinga kukwera kwa bitcoin mtsogolo: mtengo sumadalira kwathunthu mtengo wopangira, ngakhale ndichinthu china.
Sukulu yopanga zachuma ya neoclassical yakulitsa pamfundoyi ndikuwonjezeranso chinthu china chofunikira: kupereka ndi kufunikira. Popeza kupezeka kwa bitcoin kuli kocheperako, kuchuluka kwa ma mincoins omwe amachotsedwa nawonso kumachepa pakapita nthawi, chifukwa chake kufunika kwa ma bitcoins ambiri kumatha kukwera. Zowonjezera zambiri zikufanana ndi mitengo yokwera.
Kudalira pazinthu zofunikira sizikuwoneka bwino. Ngati mtengo wopanga ndiye chifukwa chachikulu, ndiye kuti mtengo wa Bitcoin uyenera kukhala pafupi ndi ndalama zochulukirapo zaku US (M3).
Ngakhale izi, anthu ogwira ntchito m'migodi akusowabe, ngakhale kukwera mtengo kwa Bitcoin.
Ngati kuchuluka kwa kufunika ndi kupezeka kuli kofunikira, ndiye kuti denga lowoneka bwino la Bitcoin liyenera kudziwa kufunikira kokhazikika. Komabe, Bitcoin imakhalabe yosasinthasintha kwambiri ndipo itha kugwa ndikunyamuka tsiku lomwelo.
Kulowa sukulu ya zachuma ku Austria, othandizira a Bitcoin amakonda kwambiri sukulu iyi. Akatswiri azachuma aku Austria amakhulupirira kuti mtengo wa chilichonse umatsimikizika ndi zinthu zina, ngakhale kuphatikiza mtengo wopanga. Kupereka ndi kufunika kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe mumakonda. Chifukwa chake, itha kufotokozera kufunikira kwa Bitcoin-phindu lomwe lazindikira komanso zinthu zina zitha kukhala zofunikira kwambiri.
Titha kuwona kuti palibe kufotokozera momveka bwino chifukwa chake ndalama za crypto (kapena ngakhale ndalama) ndizofunika. Poterepa, mtengo wa Bitcoin ukuwoneka kuti ukuyendetsedwa ndi mitundu yazachuma, malingaliro pamsika ndi mfundo zamkati.
Komabe, ziribe kanthu malingaliro azachuma omwe anthu amatsatira, cryptocurrency ipitilizabe kusintha kwachuma. Ngati zingasinthe kukhala mtundu wina wa ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi, zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi zidzagwetsedwa (kaya ndi zabwino kapena zoipa, sitikudziwa).
Pomaliza, Bitcoin ndiye poyambira poyeserera zachuma. Kuchokera ku 2016 mpaka 2017, ukadaulo wa blockchain udatsogolera kutukuka kwa ndalama za cryptocurrency ndikubweretsa dziko latsopano la blockchain. Lero, tigwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la zikhomo zamagulu ndikusungira mabanki kuti tipeze ndalama zokhazikika zomwe zitha kusungabe mtengo wa dola imodzi.
M'malo mochitira Bitcoin ngati ndalama, ndibwino kuti muziwatenga ngati njira yolipira.
Chifukwa chake, phindu lenileni la Bitcoin limakhala pamaneti ake. Kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali, kumakhala bwino. Kwenikweni, izi zikutanthauza kuti mtengo wa Bitcoin umatengera amene ali nawo. Masiku ano, kutchuka kwa Bitcoin (osati kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, koma kugulitsa ndi kugulitsa), anthu ambiri achidwi ayamba kulabadira ukadaulo watsopanowu. Izi zikutanthauza kugawa kwambiri.
Komabe, kuti Bitcoin igwire bwino ntchito monga zikuyembekezeredwa, iyenera kuchotsa oyendetsa mgodi ndi maiwe amigodi posinthira makina owonetsera (PoS). Njira yotsimikizira kuti Bitcoin ikugwira ntchito imapangitsa kuti anthu ogwira ntchito mgodi azidula kwambiri amawononga ndalama zambiri kuti atsimikizire zochitika za Bitcoin pa netiweki yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yopangira makompyuta. Ndi dongosolo la PoS, Bitcoin idzayesedwa chifukwa cha netiweki yake. Omwe akutenga nawo mbali ambiri ataya zina mwa zomwe ali nazo kuti maukonde akule, potero akuwonjezera katundu wawo molingana.
Zikumveka ngati zosavuta, koma ma bitcoins ambiri masiku ano amakumbidwa ndi oyendetsa mgodi aku China. Ngati ingalowe m'malo (mwachitsanzo) kuchuluka kwa ndalama zaku US, ndiye chifukwa chiyani boma la US limagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi omwe akutsutsana ndi omwe ali mgulu lalikulu?
Ngati maulamuliro apamwamba sakufuna, chifukwa chiyani misonkhano yaying'ono imatsatira? Cholinga cha ndalama padziko lonse lapansi chitha kuwoneka ngati loto, koma pamapeto pake, ngati Bitcoin ingagwire ntchito zimadalira omwe mumamva, monga komwe amapeza phindu.